Smooth operation of the engine, without jerks and power surges, is the key to its durability. To control these indicators, an electric motor speed controller is used for 220V, 12V and 24V, all these frequency drives can be made by hand or you can buy a ready-made unit.

Why do you need a speed controller

The motor speed controller, frequency converter is a device with a powerful transistor, which is necessary in order to invert the voltage, as well as to ensure a smooth stop and start of an asynchronous motor using PWM. PWM is a wide-pulse control of electrical devices. It is used to create a specific sinusoid of variable and direct current.

Photo - powerful regulator for asynchronous motor

The simplest example of a converter is a conventional voltage regulator. But the device under discussion has a much larger range of work and power.

Frequency converters are used in any device that is powered by electrical energy... The governors provide extremely precise electrical motor control so that engine speed can be adjusted up or down, keep rpm at the desired level, and protect instruments from jerky rpm. In this case, the electric motor uses only the energy necessary for operation, instead of starting it at full power.

Photo - DC motor speed controller

Why do you need an asynchronous motor speed controller:

1. To save energy. By controlling the speed of the motor, the smoothness of its starting and stopping, the strength and frequency of revolutions, you can achieve significant savings in personal funds. As an example, reducing the speed by 20% can result in energy savings of 50%.
2. The frequency converter can be used to control process temperature, pressure, or without using a separate controller;
3. No additional controller required for soft start;
4. Maintenance costs are significantly reduced.

The device is often used for a welding machine (mainly for semiautomatic devices), an electric stove, a number of household appliances (vacuum cleaner, sewing machine, radio, washing machine), home heater, various ship models, etc.

Photo - pwm speed controller

The principle of operation of the speed controller

The speed controller is a device consisting of the following three main subsystems:

1. AC motor;
2. Main controller of the drive;
3. Drive and additional parts.

When the AC motor is started at full power, current is transmitted at full load power, this is repeated 7-8 times. This current bends the motor windings and generates heat that will be generated for a long time. This can significantly reduce the durability of the engine. In other words, the converter is a kind of step inverter that provides double conversion of energy.

Photo - scheme of the regulator for the collector motor

Depending on the input voltage, the frequency regulator of the number of revolutions of a three-phase or single-phase electric motor, a current of 220 or 380 volts is rectified. This action is carried out using a rectifying diode, which is located at the energy input. Further, the current is filtered using capacitors. Next, a PWM is formed, the electrical circuit is responsible for this. The induction motor windings are now ready to transmit the pulse signal and integrate them to the desired sine wave. Even in a microelectric motor, these signals are issued, in the literal sense of the word, in batches.

Photo - sinusoid of normal operation of the electric motor

How to choose a regulator

There are several characteristics for which you need to choose a speed controller for a car, machine tool, household needs:

1. Control type. For the collector motor, there are regulators with a vector or scalar control system. The former are more commonly used, but the latter are considered more reliable;
2. Power. This is one of the most important factors in choosing an electrical frequency converter. It is necessary to select a frequency converter with a power that corresponds to the maximum allowable on the protected device. But for a low-voltage motor, it is better to choose a regulator more powerful than the permissible value of watts;
3. Voltage. Naturally, everything is individual here, but if possible, you need to buy a speed controller for an electric motor, from which circuit diagram has a wide range of permissible voltages;
4. Frequency range. Frequency conversion is the main task of this device, so try to choose the model that best suits your needs. Let's say 1000 Hertz will be enough for a hand router;
5. For other characteristics. This is the warranty period, number of inputs, size (there is a special attachment for table machines and hand tools).

In this case, you also need to understand that there is a so-called universal regulator rotation. This is a frequency converter for brushless motors.

Photo - regulator circuit for brushless motors

There are two parts in this circuit - one is logical, where the microcontroller is located on the microcircuit, and the second is the power one. Basically, such an electrical circuit is used for a powerful electric motor.

Video: electric motor speed controller with SHIRO V2

How to make a homemade engine speed governor

You can make a simple triac motor speed controller, its diagram is presented below, and the price consists only of parts sold in any electrical store.

For work, we need a powerful triac of the BT138-600 type, the magazine of radio engineering advises it.

Photo - diy speed regulator circuit

In the described scheme, the speed will be regulated using the P1 potentiometer. Parameter P1 determines the phase of the incoming pulse signal, which in turn opens the triac. This scheme can be used both in the field and in the home. You can use this regulator for sewing machines, fans, table drills.

The principle of operation is simple: at the moment when the motor decelerates a little, its inductance drops, and this increases the voltage in R2-P1 and C3, which in turn entails a longer opening of the triac.

The closed-loop thyristor regulator works a little differently. It provides a return flow of energy to the energy system, which is very economical and profitable. This electronic device involves the inclusion of a powerful thyristor in the electrical circuit. Its scheme looks like this:

Here, for direct current supply and rectification, a control signal generator, an amplifier, a thyristor, and a speed stabilization circuit are required.

5 Frequently Asked Questions by Novice Radio Mechanics 5 best transistors for regulators, test to determine the composition of the circuit

Regulator electrical voltage is needed so that the voltage value can stabilize. It ensures the reliability and durability of the device.

Regulator consists of several mechanisms.

TEST:

The answers to these questions will allow you to find out the composition of the 12 volt voltage regulator circuit and its assembly.

1. What resistance should a variable resistor have?

1. How should the wires be connected?

a) 1 and 2 terminals - power supply, 3 and 4 - load

1. Do I need to install a radiator?

1. The transistor must be

Answers:

Option 1. The resistance of a 10 kOhm resistor is a standard for installing a regulator, the wires in the circuit are connected according to the principle: 1 and 2 terminals for power supply, 3 and 4 for the load - the current will be distributed correctly over the required poles, the radiator must be installed - to protect against overheating, the transistor is used by CT 815 - this will always work. In this case, the constructed circuit will work, the regulator will start working.

Option 2. The resistance of 500 kOhm is too high, the smoothness of sound in operation will be disturbed, or it may not work at all, terminals 1 and 3 are the load, 2 and 4 are power supply, a radiator is needed, in the circuit where there was a minus there will be a plus, any transistor - you can really use The regulator will not work due to the fact that the circuit is assembled, it will be wrong.

Option 3. The resistance is 10 kOhm, wires - 1 and 2 for the load, 3 and 4 for the power supply, the resistor has a resistance of 2 kOhm, the transistor KT 815. The device will not be able to work, since it will overheat without a radiator.

How to connect 5 parts of a 12 volt regulator.

Variable resistor 10kOhm.

It is variable resistor 10kom. Changes the strength of the current or voltages in electrical circuit, increases resistance. It is he who regulates the voltage.

Radiator. It is needed in order to cool the devices in case of overheating.

1 kΩ resistor Reduces the load from the main resistor.

Transistor. The device increases the force of vibrations. In the regulator, it is needed to obtain high-frequency electrical vibrations.

2 wiring. They are necessary in order for an electric current to flow through them.

We take transistor and resistor. Both have 3 branches.

Two operations are carried out:

1. The left end of the transistor (we do it with the aluminum part down) is connected to the end, which is in the middle of the resistor.
2. And we connect the branch of the middle of the transistor with the right one at the resistor. They need to be soldered to each other.

The first wire must be soldered with what happened in 2 operations.

The second one needs to be soldered to the remaining end transistor.

We fasten the connected mechanism to the radiator.

We solder the 1kOhm resistor to the extreme legs of the variable resistor and transistor.

Scheme ready.

DC motor speed controller with 2 14 volt capacitors.

The practicality of such engines it has been proven that they are used in mechanical toys, fans, etc. They have a low current consumption, therefore voltage stabilization is required. It is often necessary to adjust the speed or change the speed of the engine to correct the fulfillment of the goal presented to a particular type. electric motor any model.

This task will be performed by a voltage regulator that is compatible with any type of power supply.

To do this, you need to change output voltage, which does not require a large load current.

Required details:

1. 2 Capacitors
2. 2 variable resistors

We connect the parts:

1. We connect the capacitors to the regulator itself.
2. The first resistor is connected to the minus of the regulator, the second to ground.

Now change the engine speed of the device at the request of the user.

Voltage regulator on 14 volts ready.

A simple 12 volt voltage regulator

12 volt speed controller for engine with brake.

• Relay - 12 volts
• Teristor KU201
• Transformer for powering the motor and relays
• Transistor KT 815
• Valve from wipers 2101
• Capacitor

It is used to adjust the wire feed, therefore it has a motor brake implemented with a relay.

We connect 2 wires from the power supply to the relay. A plus is applied to the relay.

Everything else is connected according to the principle of a conventional regulator.

The scheme fully provided 12 volts for the engine.

Power regulator on the BTA 12-600 triac

Triac- a semiconductor device, ranked as a type of thyristor and is used for the purpose of switching current. It operates on an alternating voltage, unlike a dynistor and a conventional thyristor. The entire power of the device depends on its parameter.

The answer to the question. If the circuit would be assembled on a thyristor, a diode or diode bridge would be needed.

For convenience, the circuit can be assembled on a printed circuit board.

A plus capacitor you need to solder to the control electrode of the triac, it is on the right. Solder the minus to the extreme third pin, which is on the left.

To the manager electrode of the triac, solder a resistor with a nominal resistance of 12 kOhm. A trimmer resistor must be connected to this resistor. The remaining lead must be soldered to the center leg of the triac.

By minus capacitor, which is soldered to the third terminal of the triac, it is necessary to attach a minus from the rectifier bridge.

Plus rectifier bridge to center terminal triac and to the part to which the triac is attached to the radiator.

Solder 1 contact from the cord with the plug to the required device. A 2 contact to the input alternating voltage on the rectifier bridge.

It remains to solder the remaining contact of the device with the last contact of the rectifier bridge.

The circuit is being tested.

We include the circuit in the network. The power of the device is regulated by means of a trimming resistor.

Power can be developed up to 12 volts for cars.

Dinistor and 4 types of conductivity.

This device is called trigger diode. Low power. There are no electrodes in its interior.

The dynistor opens when the voltage rises. The rate of voltage rise is determined by the capacitor and resistors. All adjustments are made through it. Works on DC and AC. You don't have to buy it, it is in energy-saving lamps and is easy to get from there.

It is not often used in circuits, but in order not to spend money on diodes, a dinistor is used.

It contains 4 types: P N P N. This is the electrical conductivity itself. An electron-hole transition is formed between 2 adjacent regions. There are 3 such transitions in the dinistra.

Scheme:

We connect capacitor. It starts charging with 1 resistor, the voltage is almost equal to that in the network. When the voltage in the capacitor reaches the level dinistor, it will turn on. The device starts to work. Do not forget about the radiator, otherwise everything will overheat.

3 important terms.

Voltage regulator- a device that allows the output to adjust the voltage to the device for which it is needed.

Regulator circuit- a drawing depicting the connection of parts of the device into one whole.

Car generator- the device in which the stabilizer is used ensures the conversion of the crankshaft energy into electrical energy.

7 basic diagrams for assembling a regulator.

SNIP

Using 2 transistors. How to assemble a current stabilizer.

Resistor 1kΩ is equal to the current regulator for a 10Ω load. The main condition was that the supply voltage was stabilized. The current depends on the voltage according to Ohm's law. The load resistance is much less than the current resistance of the limiting resistor.

5 watt resistor, 510 ohm

Variable resistor PPB-3V, 47 Ohm. Consumption - 53 milliamperes.

The kt 815 transistor, installed on the radiator, the base current of this transistor, is set by a resistor of 4 and 7 kOhm.

SNIP

SNIP

It is also important to know

1. There is a minus sign on the diagram, so that it is in operation, then the transistor must be NPN structure. You cannot use PNP since minus will be a plus.
2. The voltage needs to be constantly adjusted
3. What is the value of the current in the load, you need to know in order to regulate the voltage and the device does not stop working
4. If the potential difference is greater than 12 volts at the output, then the energy level will decrease significantly.

Top 5 transistors

Different types transistors are used for different purposes, and there is a need to choose it.

• CT 315. Supports NPN structure. Released in 1967 but still in use today. Works in dynamic mode and in key mode. Ideal for low power appliances. More suitable for radio components.
• 2N3055. Best suited for sound mechanisms, amplifiers. Works in dynamic mode. Quietly used for a 12 volt regulator. Conveniently attaches to the radiator. Works at frequencies up to 3 MHz. Although the transistor can only handle up to 7 amperes, it pulls powerful loads.
• KP501. The manufacturer expected it to be used in telephones, communication mechanisms and electronics. Through it, the devices are controlled at minimal cost. Converts signal levels.
• Irf3205. Suitable for cars, boosts high frequency inverters. Maintains a significant level of current.
• KT 815. Bipolar. Has an NPN structure. Works with low frequency amplifiers. Consists of a plastic body. Suitable for impulse devices. It is often used in generator circuits. The transistor was made a long time ago, it works to this day. There is even a chance that he is in an ordinary house where old appliances are located, you just need to disassemble them and see if they are there.

3 mistakes and how to avoid them.

1. Legs transistor and the resistor are completely soldered together. To avoid this, you need to carefully read the instructions.
2. Though delivered radiator, the device has overheated This is due to the fact that overheating occurs while the parts are being soldered. For this you need legs transistor hold with tweezers to dissipate heat.
3. Relay did not work after repair. Kicks out the wire after releasing the button. The wire stretches by inertia. This means that the electric brake does not work. We take a relay with good contacts and connect it to the button. Connect wires for power supply. When no voltage is applied to the relay, the contacts become closed, so the winding closes on itself. When voltage (plus) is applied to the relay, the contacts in the circuit change and voltage is applied to the motor.

Answers to 5 frequently asked questions

• Why input voltage higher than the weekend?

All stabilizers work according to this principle; with this type of work, the voltage returns to normal and does not jump from the values ​​agreed upon.

• Can kill shocked in case of a problem or error?

No, it won't electrocute, 12 volts is too low for that to happen.

• Do I need a permanent resistor? And if so, for what purposes?

Not required, but used. It is needed in order to limit the base current of the transistor at the extreme left position of the variable resistor. And also, in its absence, the variable can burn out.

• Can I use a schema BANK instead of a resistor?

If instead of a variable resistor you turn on adjustable circuit KREN, which is often used, you will also get a voltage regulator. But there is an oversight: low efficiency. Because of this, high intrinsic energy consumption and heat dissipation.

• Resistor lit, but nothing is spinning. What to do?

The resistor is required 10kOhm. It is advisable to use transistors KT 315 (old model) - they are yellow or orange with a letter designation.

This homemade scheme can be used as a speed controller for a 12 V DC motor with a rated current of up to 5 A or as a dimmer for 12 V halogen and LED lamps up to 50 W. The control is carried out using pulse width modulation (PWM) at a pulse repetition rate of about 200 Hz. Naturally, the frequency can be changed, if necessary, by choosing the maximum stability and efficiency.

Most of these structures are assembled according to a much simpler scheme. Here we present a more advanced version, which uses a 7555 timer, a bipolar transistor driver and a powerful field-effect MOSFET. This design provides improved speed control and operates over a wide load range. This is indeed a very efficient circuit and the cost of its parts when purchasing for self-assembly is quite low.

PWM regulator circuit for a 12 V motor

The circuit uses a 7555 Timer to create a variable pulse width of about 200 Hz. It drives transistor Q3 (via transistors Q1 - Q2), which controls the speed of the electric motor or lighting lamps.

There are many uses for this circuit that will be powered by 12V: electric motors, fans, or lamps. It can be used in cars, boats and electric vehicles, in model railways, and so on.

12V LED lamps, for example LED strips, can also be safely connected here. Everybody knows that LED lamp much more efficient than halogen or incandescent, they will last much longer. And if necessary, power the PWM controller from 24 volts or more, since the microcircuit itself with a buffer stage has a power stabilizer.

AC motor speed controller

12 volt PWM controller

Half-bridge constant current regulator driver

Mini drill speed regulator circuit

REVERSE ENGINE SPEED REGULATOR

Hello everyone, probably many radio amateurs, like me, have more than one hobby, but several. Beyond construction electronic devices I am engaged in photography, shooting video on a DSLR camera, and video editing. As a videographer, I needed a slider for video shooting, and first, I will briefly explain what it is. The photo below shows a factory slider.

The slider is designed for filming video on cameras and camcorders. They are analogous to the rail system used in widescreen cinema. With its help, a smooth movement of the camera around the object being shot is created. Another very powerful effect that can be used when working with a slider is the ability to move closer or further away from the subject. The next photo shows the engine I chose to make the slider.

The slider is driven by a 12 volt DC motor. On the Internet, a regulator circuit was found for an engine that moves the slider carriage. In the next photo, the power indicator on the LED, the toggle switch that controls the reverse and the power switch.

When operating such a device, it is important that there is a smooth speed control, plus a slight engagement of the engine reverse. The speed of rotation of the motor shaft, in the case of using our regulator, is smoothly regulated by rotating the knob of a 5 kOhm variable resistor. Perhaps, not only I am one of the users of this site who is fond of photography, and someone else wants to repeat this device, those who wish can download at the end of the article an archive with a diagram and printed circuit board regulator. The following figure shows the schematic diagram of the governor for the motor:

Regulator circuit

The circuit is very simple and can be easily assembled even by novice radio amateurs. Of the advantages of assembling this device, I can name its low cost and the ability to adjust it to fit your needs. The figure shows the printed circuit board of the regulator:

But the scope of this regulator is not limited to sliders alone, it can easily be used as a speed regulator, for example, a boring machine, a homemade dremel powered by 12 volts, or a computer cooler, for example, with dimensions of 80 x 80 or 120 x 120 mm. I also developed a scheme for the reverse of the engine, or in other words, a quick change in the rotation of the shaft in the other direction. To do this, I used a six-contact toggle switch for 2 positions. The following figure shows a diagram of its connection:

The middle contacts of the toggle switch, marked (+) and (-), are connected to the contacts on the board marked M1.1 and M1.2, the polarity does not matter. Everyone knows that computer coolers, with a decrease in the supply voltage and, accordingly, the speed, emit much less noise in operation. In the next photo, the KT805AM transistor on the radiator:

Almost any medium to large transistor can be used in the circuit power n-p-n structures. The diode can also be replaced with analogs suitable for current, for example 1N4001, 1N4007 and others. The motor leads are shunted by a diode in reverse connection, this was done to protect the transistor at the moments of switching on and off the circuit, since our motor is an inductive load. Also, the circuit provides an indication of the inclusion of the slider on the LED connected in series with the resistor.

When using a motor with a higher power than shown in the photo, the transistor must be attached to the radiator to improve cooling. A photo of the resulting board is shown below:

The controller board was manufactured using the LUT method. You can see what happened in the end on the video.

Video of work

Soon, as the missing parts, mainly mechanics, will be purchased, I will start assembling the device in the case. The article was sent by Alexey Sitkov .

Diagrams and overview of 220V electric motor speed controllers

For a smooth increase and decrease in the speed of rotation of the shaft, there is a special device - the speed regulator of the electric motor 220v. Stable operation, no voltage interruptions, long service life are the advantages of using an engine speed governor for 220, 12 and 24 volts.

• What is a frequency inverter for?
• Application area
• Choosing a device
• IF device
• Types of devices
  • Triac device
• • Proportional Signal Process

What is a frequency inverter for?

The function of the regulator is to invert the voltage of 12, 24 volts, ensuring smooth start and stop using pulse width modulation.

Speed ​​controllers are included in the structure of many devices, as they provide accurate electrical control. This allows you to adjust the speed to the desired value.

Application area

The DC motor speed controller is used in many industrial and domestic applications. For example:

• heating complex;
• equipment drives;
• welding machine;
• electric ovens;
• vacuum cleaners;
• Sewing machines;
• washing machines.

Choosing a device

In order to select an effective regulator, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the device, the features of the purpose.

1. Vector controllers are common for collector motors, but scalar controllers are more reliable.
2. Power is an important selection criterion. It must correspond to the permissible on the used unit. And it is better to exceed for the safe operation of the system.
3. Voltage must be within wide acceptable ranges.
4. The main purpose of the regulator is to convert the frequency, therefore, this aspect must be selected according to the technical requirements.
5. You also need to pay attention to the service life, dimensions, number of inputs.

IF device

• ac motor natural controller;
• drive unit;
• additional elements.

The 12 V engine speed controller circuit is shown in the figure. The revolutions are regulated using a potentiometer. If the input receives pulses with a frequency of 8 kHz, then the supply voltage will be 12 volts.

The device can be bought at specialized points of sale, or you can make it yourself.

AC speed governor circuit

When a three-phase motor is started at full power, current is transmitted, the action is repeated about 7 times. The strength of the current bends the motor windings, generating heat over time. The converter is an inverter that converts energy. The voltage enters the regulator, where 220 volts are rectified using a diode located at the input. Then the current is filtered by means of 2 capacitors. PWM is formed. Further, a pulse signal is transmitted from the motor windings to a specific sinusoid.

There is a universal 12v device for brushless motors.

To save on electricity bills, our readers recommend the "Electricity Saving Box". Monthly payments will be 30-50% less than they were before using the economy. It removes the reactive component from the network, as a result of which the load and, as a result, the current consumption are reduced. Electrical appliances consume less electricity, and the costs of paying for it are reduced.

The circuit consists of two parts - logic and power. The microcontroller is located on a microcircuit. This scheme is typical for a powerful engine. The uniqueness of the regulator lies in its use with various types of motors. The power supply of the circuits is separate, the key drivers require a 12V power supply.

Types of devices

Triac device

The triac (triac) device is used to control lighting, power of heating elements, rotation speed.

The controller circuit on a triac contains a minimum of the details shown in the figure, where C1 is a capacitor, R1 is the first resistor, R2 is the second resistor.

With the help of the converter, the power is regulated by changing the time of the open triac. If it is closed, the capacitor is charged by the load and resistors. One resistor controls the amount of current while the other controls the charge rate.

When the capacitor reaches the maximum voltage threshold of 12v or 24v, the key is triggered. The triac goes into an open state. When the mains voltage passes through zero, the triac is locked, then the capacitor gives a negative charge.

Transmitters on electronic keys

Common thyristor regulators with a simple operation scheme.

Thyristor, works in AC mains.

A separate type is an AC voltage stabilizer. The stabilizer contains a transformer with multiple windings.

DC stabilizer circuit

24 volt thyristor charger

To a voltage source of 24 volts. The principle of operation is to charge the capacitor and the locked thyristor, and when the capacitor reaches the voltage, the thyristor sends current to the load.

Proportional Signal Process

The signals arriving at the input of the system form a feedback. Let's take a closer look at using a microcircuit.

Chip TDA 1085

The TDA 1085 microcircuit, pictured above, provides control of the 12v, 24v motor with feedback without power loss. It is mandatory to maintain a tachometer, which provides feedback from the motor to the control board. The sensor signal goes to the microcircuit, which transfers the task to the power elements - to add voltage to the motor. When the shaft is loaded, the board adds voltage and the power increases. By releasing the shaft, the tension decreases. The revolutions will be constant, but the power moment will not change. The frequency is controlled over a wide range. Such a 12, 24 volt motor is installed in washing machines.

With your own hands, you can make a device for a grinder, wood lathe, sharpener, concrete mixer, straw chopper, lawn mower, wood splitter and much more.

Industrial regulators, consisting of 12, 24 volt controllers, are filled with resin, so they cannot be repaired. Therefore, a 12V device is often made independently. An uncomplicated option using the U2008B microcircuit. The regulator uses current feedback or soft start. In the case of using the latter, elements C1, R4 are required, the X1 jumper is not needed, and vice versa with feedback.

When assembling the regulator, choose the correct resistor. Since with a large resistor, there may be jerks at the start, and with a small resistor, the compensation will be insufficient.

Important! When adjusting the power controller, remember that all parts of the device are connected to the AC mains, therefore, safety measures must be observed!

Speed ​​controllers for single-phase and three-phase motors 24, 12 volts are a functional and valuable device, both in everyday life and in industry.

Rotation controller for motor

It is convenient to install analog current regulators on simple mechanisms. For example, they can change the speed of rotation of the motor shaft. From the technical point of view, it is easy to perform such a regulator (you will need to install one transistor). Suitable for independent speed control of motors in robotics and power supplies. The most common are two types of regulators: one-channel and two-channel.

Video # 1. Single-channel regulator in operation. Changes the speed of rotation of the motor shaft by rotating the handle of the variable resistor.

Video number 2. Increase in the speed of rotation of the motor shaft during the operation of a single-channel regulator. The increase in the number of revolutions from the minimum to the maximum value when the handle of the variable resistor is rotated.

Video number 3. Two-channel regulator in operation. Independent setting of the speed of the motor shafts on the basis of trimming resistors.

Video number 4. The voltage at the regulator output is measured with a digital multimeter. The resulting value is equal to the voltage of the battery, from which 0.6 volts was subtracted (the difference arises from the voltage drop at the junction of the transistor). When using a 9.55 volt battery, a change from 0 to 8.9 volts is recorded.

Functions and main characteristics

The load current of one-channel (photo. 1) and two-channel (photo. 2) regulators does not exceed 1.5 A. Therefore, to increase the load capacity, the KT815A transistor is replaced with a KT972A. The pin numbering for these transistors is the same (e-b-b). But the KT972A model is efficient with currents up to 4A.

Single channel motor controller

The device controls one motor, power is supplied from a voltage in the range from 2 to 12 volts.

Device design

The main structural elements of the regulator are shown in the photo. 3. The device consists of five components: two variable resistance resistors with a resistance of 10 kOhm (No. 1) and 1 kOhm (No. 2), a KT815A transistor (No. 3), a pair of two-section screw terminal blocks for the output for connecting a motor (No. 4) and battery input (no. 5).

Note 1. The installation of screw terminals is optional. With a thin stranded assembly wire, you can connect the motor and power supply directly.

Principle of operation

The operation of the motor regulator is described by the wiring diagram (Fig. 1). Taking into account the polarity, a constant voltage is supplied to the XT1 connector. A light bulb or a motor is connected to the XT2 connector. At the entrance include variable resistor R1, turning its knob changes the potential at the middle output as opposed to the minus of the battery. Through the current limiter R2, the middle output is connected to the base output of the transistor VT1. In this case, the transistor is switched on according to the regular current scheme. The positive potential at the base output increases as the middle pin moves up from the smooth rotation of the variable resistor knob. An increase in current occurs, which is due to a decrease in the resistance of the collector-emitter junction in the transistor VT1. The potential will decrease if the situation is reversed.

Basic electrical diagram

Materials and details

A printed circuit board with a size of 20x30 mm is required, made of a sheet of fiberglass foil on one side (permissible thickness is 1-1.5 mm). Table 1 shows a list of radio components.

Note 2. The variable resistor required for the device can be of any production, it is important to observe the current resistance values ​​for it indicated in Table 1.

Note 3... To adjust currents above 1.5A, the KT815G transistor is replaced with a more powerful KT972A (with a maximum current of 4A). In this case, the drawing printed circuit board it is not required to change, since the distribution of the terminals for both transistors is identical.

Build process

For further work, you need to download the archive file located at the end of the article, unzip it and print it. The regulator drawing (termo1 file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (montag1 file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).

Further drawing circuit board(No. 1 in the photo. 4) is glued to the conductive tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board (No. 2 in the photo. 4). It is necessary to make holes (no. 3 in the photo. 14) on the assembly drawing in the seats. The wiring drawing is attached to the PCB with dry glue, with the holes aligned. Photo 5 shows the pinout of the KT815 transistor.

The input and output of the terminal blocks are marked in white. A voltage source is connected to the terminal block through the clip. The fully assembled single-channel regulator is shown in the photo. The power supply (9 volt battery) is connected at the final stage of assembly. Now you can adjust the speed of rotation of the shaft using the motor, for this you need to smoothly rotate the adjustment knob of the variable resistor.

To test the device, you need to print a disk drawing from the archive. Next, you need to glue this drawing (No. 1) onto thick and thin cardboard paper (No. 2). Then, using scissors, a disc is cut (no. 3).

The resulting workpiece is turned over (No. 1) and a square of black electrical tape (No. 2) is attached to the center for better adhesion of the surface of the motor shaft to the disk. You need to make a hole (no. 3) as shown in the image. Then the disc is installed on the motor shaft and you can start testing. The single-channel motor controller is ready!

Dual channel motor controller

Used to independently control a pair of motors at the same time. Power is supplied from a voltage in the range from 2 to 12 volts. The load current is rated up to 1.5A per channel.

The main components of the structure are shown in photo 10 and include: two trimming resistors for adjusting the 2nd channel (No. 1) and the 1st channel (No. 2), three two-section screw terminal blocks for the output to the 2nd motor (No. 3), for the exit to the 1st motor (no. 4) and for the entrance (no. 5).

Note 1 Installation of screw terminals is optional. With a thin stranded assembly wire, you can connect the motor and power supply directly.

Principle of operation

The circuit of the two-channel regulator is identical electrical diagram single-channel regulator. Consists of two parts (fig. 2). The main difference: a variable resistance resistor is replaced with a trimmer resistor. The rotation speed of the shafts is preset.

Note 2. To quickly adjust the speed of rotation of the motors, the trimmer resistors are replaced using a mounting wire with variable resistance resistors with the resistance values ​​indicated in the diagram.

Materials and details

You will need a printed circuit board with a size of 30x30 mm, made of a sheet of fiberglass foil on one side with a thickness of 1-1.5 mm. Table 2 lists the radio components.

Build process

After downloading the archive file located at the end of the article, you need to unzip it and print it. A drawing of the regulator for thermal translation (termo2 file) is printed on glossy paper, and the installation drawing (montag2 file) is printed on a white office sheet (A4 format).

The circuit board drawing is glued to the conductive tracks on the opposite side of the printed circuit board. Holes are formed in the mounting drawing in the seats. The wiring drawing is attached to the PCB with dry glue, with the holes aligned. The pinout of the KT815 transistor is being made. To check, you need to temporarily connect inputs 1 and 2 with a mounting wire.

Any of the inputs is connected to the pole of the power supply (the example shows a 9 volt battery). In this case, the minus of the power supply is attached to the center of the terminal block. It is important to remember: the black wire is "-" and the red one is "+".

The motors must be connected to two terminal blocks and the desired speed must be set. After successful tests, you need to remove the temporary connection of the inputs and install the device on the robot model. The two-channel motor controller is ready!

The ARCHIVE presents the necessary diagrams and drawings for work. The emitters of the transistors are marked with red arrows.

DC motor speed controller circuit

The DC motor speed controller circuit works on the principles of pulse width modulation and is used to change the speed of a DC motor by 12 volts. Controlling the engine speed using pulse width modulation gives greater efficiency than applying a simple change constant voltage supplied to the engine, although we will also consider these schemes

DC motor speed controller 12 volt circuit

The motor is connected in a circuit to a field-effect transistor which is controlled by pulse-width modulation carried out on the NE555 timer chip, which is why the circuit turned out to be so simple.

The PWM regulator is implemented using a conventional pulse generator on an unstable multivibrator, generating pulses with a repetition rate of 50 Hz and built on the popular NE555 timer. The signals coming from the multivibrator create a bias field at the gate of the field-effect transistor. The duration of the positive pulse is adjusted using the variable resistance R2. The longer the duration of the positive pulse arriving at the gate of the field-effect transistor, the more power is supplied to the DC motor. And per revolution, the shorter the pulse duration, the weaker the electric motor rotates. This circuit works great from battery at 12 volts.

DC motor speed control 6 volt circuit

The speed of the 6 volt motor can be adjusted between 5-95%

Engine speed governor on PIC controller

Speed ​​control in this circuit is achieved by applying voltage pulses of various durations to the electric motor. For these purposes, PWM (pulse width modulators) are used. In this case, pulse width control is provided microcontroller PIC... To control the engine speed, two buttons SB1 and SB2, "More" and "Less", are used. It is possible to change the rotation speed only when the "Start" toggle switch is pressed. In this case, the pulse duration changes, as a percentage of the period, from 30 - 100%.

As a voltage stabilizer of the PIC16F628A microcontroller, a three-output stabilizer KR1158EN5V is used, which has a low input-output voltage drop, only about 0.6V. The maximum input voltage is 30V. All this allows the use of motors with voltages from 6V to 27V. In the role of the power switch is used composite transistor KT829A which it is desirable to install on the radiator.

The device is assembled on a printed circuit board with dimensions of 61 x 52mm. You can download the printed circuit board drawing and the firmware file from the link above. (Look in the archive folder 027-el)

Any modern power tool or household appliance uses a brushed motor. This is due to their versatility, that is, the ability to work from both AC and DC voltage. Another advantage is the effective starting torque.

However, not all users are satisfied with the high speed of the collector engine. For a smooth start-up and the ability to change the speed of rotation, a regulator was invented, which it is quite possible to make by hand.

The principle of operation and varieties of collector motors

Each electric motor consists of a collector, stator, rotor and brushes. The principle of its operation is quite simple:

In addition to the standard device, there are also:

Regulator device

There are many schemes of such devices in the world. Nevertheless, all of them can be divided into 2 groups: standard and modified products.

Standard device

Typical products are distinguished by the simplicity in the manufacture of the Idinistor, good reliability when changing the engine speed. As a rule, such models are based on thyristor regulators. The principle of operation of such schemes is quite simple:

Thus, the speed of the collector motor is regulated. In most cases, a similar scheme is used in foreign household vacuum cleaners. However, you should be aware that such a speed controller does not have feedback. Therefore, when the load changes, you will have to adjust the speed of the electric motor.

Modified schemas

Of course, the standard device suits many fans of speed controllers to "dig" into electronics. However, without progress and improvement of products, we would still live in the Stone Age. Therefore, more interesting schemes are constantly being invented, which many manufacturers are happy to use.

The most commonly used rheostat and integral controllers. As the name implies, the first option is based on a rheostat circuit. In the second case, an integral timer is used.

Rheostats are effective in changing the number of revolutions of the collector motor. The high efficiency is due to the power transistors, which take some of the voltage. Thus, the current flow is reduced and the motor runs with less diligence.

Video: device of the speed control with maintaining power

The main disadvantage of this scheme is the large amount of heat generated. Therefore, for trouble-free operation, the regulator must be constantly cooled. Moreover, the cooling of the device must be intense.

A different approach is implemented in an integral controller, where an integral timer is responsible for the load. As a rule, transistors of almost any name are used in such circuits. This is due to the fact that the composition contains a microcircuit with large values ​​of the output current.

If the load is less than 0.1 ampere, then all the voltage goes directly to the microcircuit, bypassing the transistors. However, for the regulator to work effectively, it is necessary that the gate has a voltage of 12V. Therefore, the electrical circuit and the voltage of the supply itself must correspond to this range.

Overview of typical circuits

It is possible to regulate the rotation of the shaft of a low-power electric motor by means of a series connection of a power resistor with an absence. However, this option has a very low efficiency and the absence of the possibility of a smooth speed change. To avoid such a nuisance, you should consider several regulator circuits that are most often used.

As you know, PWM has a constant pulse amplitude. In addition, the amplitude is identical to the supply voltage. Consequently, the electric motor will not stop, even at low speeds.

The second option is similar to the first. The only difference is that an operational amplifier is used as a master oscillator. This component has a frequency of 500 Hz and is engaged in the generation of pulses that have a triangular shape. Regulation is also carried out with a variable resistor.

How to do it yourself

If you do not want to spend money on purchasing a finished device, you can make it yourself. In this way, you can not only save money, but also gain a rewarding experience. So, for the manufacture of a thyristor controller you will need:

• soldering iron (to test the functionality);
• wires;
• thyristor, capacitors and resistors;
• scheme.

As can be seen from the diagram, only 1 half-cycle is controlled by the regulator. However, this will be enough to test the performance on a regular soldering iron.

If the knowledge of decoding the scheme is not enough, you can familiarize yourself with the text version:

The use of regulators allows more economical use of electric motors. In certain situations, such a device can be made independently. However, for more serious purposes (for example, control of heating equipment), it is better to purchase a ready-made model. Fortunately, there is a wide selection of such products on the market, and the price is quite affordable.

Based on the powerful BT138-600 triac, it is possible to assemble an AC motor speed controller circuit. This circuit is designed to control the speed of rotation of electric motors of drilling machines, fans, vacuum cleaners, grinders, etc. The speed of the motor can be adjusted by changing the resistance of the potentiometer P1. Parameter P1 determines the phase of the trigger pulse that opens the triac. The circuit also has a stabilizing function that maintains the speed of the motor even under heavy load.

For example, when the motor of a drill press brakes due to increased metal resistance, the EMF of the motor also decreases. This increases the voltage across R2-P1 and C3 causing the triac to open longer and the speed increases accordingly.

Regulator for DC motor

The simplest and most popular method for adjusting the speed of rotation of a DC motor is based on the use of pulse width modulation ( PWM or PWM ). In this case, the supply voltage is supplied to the motor in the form of pulses. The pulse repetition rate remains constant, and their duration can vary - so does the speed (power).

To generate a PWM signal, you can take a circuit based on the NE555 microcircuit. The most simple circuit DC motor speed controller is shown in the figure:

Here VT1 - field-effect transistor n-type, capable of withstanding the maximum motor current at a given voltage and shaft load. VCC1 5 to 16 V, VCC2 is greater than or equal to VCC1. The frequency of the PWM signal can be calculated using the formula:

F = 1.44 / (R1 * C1), [Hz]

Where R1 is in ohms, C1 is in farads.

With the ratings indicated in the diagram above, the frequency of the PWM signal will be equal to:

F = 1.44 / (50000 * 0.0000001) = 290 Hz.

It is worth noting that even modern devices, including those with high control power, are based on just such schemes. Naturally, using more powerful elements that can withstand high currents.